The Greatest Kings Of Ancient Babylon - 1127 Words

There were many leaders who tried to control and ensure power for themselves and their citizens. Many would go to the extreme to maintain their powers and others would let the people’s influence, influence them. Some places that had leaders were, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, and even India. One of the most important leader back in 1795 BCE was Hammurabi, but was overthrown in 1750. He was the leader in Babylon but was taken down by Assyrians. The Assyrians had taken over Babylon, had made it their own, and have changed so much. They forced all the people to move out to their Assyrian Kingdom and obey the Assyrian Kingdom. Hindus practice a religion called hinduism which was formally started in India. Many people had to live by hinduism because they were born in it. They won’t be able to change who they are, it was basically impossible. King Nebuchadnezzar was one of the greatest kings of Ancient Babylon. He was considered the best kind because he had resto red old religion monuments and improved waterways. He was able to control the periphery because of him and his strong and professional army. It is hard just to pick one best leader but most will say that Hammurabi was the best one, only because of how was able to maintain his city in peace and maintain his power. Hammurabi was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE. When Hammurabi first became king of Babylon it was all quiet and peaceful. He had many loyal citizens and they obeyed everything heShow MoreRelatedThe Babylonian Civilization Of Babylon Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Babylonian civilization About the civilization of Babylon: Babylonian civilization is considered as one of the most important civilizations in the ancient world. The Babylonians took and developed everything after the Sumerians civilization especially in the spiritual realm and in the field of building an integrated civilization. The earlier civilizations had big role in the Babylonians civilization period when Babylonians took all the cuneiform writing, mathematicalRead MoreCyrus the Great1669 Words   |  7 PagesCyrus the Great Builds the Persian Empire by Governing With Toleration and Kindness The greatest leaders in history often leave behind some sort of legacy. Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Persian Empire around 500 B.C., which was the largest empire of its time (Cyrus II, the Great). The empire stretched from ancient Iran, and grew to include an area reaching from Greece to India (Persian Empire). Cyrus’ reign saw some of the first contacts between Persia and Greece, and helped Persia gainRead MoreCyrus the Great Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential and powerful rulers in the Ancient World. ¹ By overthrowing the Assyrian empire, he was able to start the Persian Empire. Through his superior diplomacy skills within his empire, to his genius war tactics, he built the foundation for a line of Persian Kings to rule one of the largest empires in world history. Cyrus the Great’s(C. 600-530 BCE) expansion started in Persia, located on the southern portion of the Iranian peninsula, Cyrus conquered the Medes, led by King Astyages, circa 559 BCE inRead More The History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are both cradles of civilization. Both contributed greatly to human development through their achievements, failures, peoples, scientific accomplishments, philosophies, religions, and contributions. Mesopotamia is a rich flat plain created by deposits from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At the southern end of this plain developed the first recognizable civilization, in the area known as Sumer. In 3000Read MoreCyrus And The Babylonian Of The Persian Empire1878 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing one of the greatest historical conquerors, who in two decades (550-530) conquered all the major empires of the near east, including Media, Lydia and the Neo-Babylonian kingdoms; all these cities united created the largest empire the world had seen to that time . However in many ancient texts, such as the works of Xenophon, a number of sacred Jewish texts and the Babylonian peoples, Cyrus was often described as a ‘liberator’ as apposed to a conqueror . From a number of ancient written sourcesRead MoreSemester Project : The Great And His Predetermined Destiny1325 Words   |  6 PagesAsiatic Supremacy.† Beacon Lights of History 4 (2006): n. pag. Web. 26 Feb. 2015 Herodotus, and Herman M. Johnson. Herodoti Orientalia Antiquiora: Comprising Mainly Such Portions of Herodotus as Give a Connected History of the East, to the Fall of Babylon and the Death of Cyrus the Great. New York: D. Appleton, 1854. Print. Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth. The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Howatson, M. C. The Oxford Companion to Classical LiteratureRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1302 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you compare the rise of arguably two of the greatest rulers in history King Cyrus and Emperor Constantine you will discover that these to historical leaders dramatically influenced the change of direction for Judaism and Christianity. There are some scholars who would argue that these to ruler’s conversion to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religionsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1305 Words   |  6 Pages Devotional Transformation When you compare the rise of arguably two of the greatest rulers in history King Cyrus and Emperor Constantine you will discover that these two historical leaders dramatically influenced the change of direction for Judaism and Christianity. There are some scholars who would argue that these two ruler’s conversions to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two ofRead MoreComparing Cyrus The Great Of The Persian Empire And Emperor Caesar Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesPaper #2 The Ancient Roman Poet, Virgil, once wrote, â€Å"They can conquer who believe they can.† King Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire and Emperor Caesar Augustus of the Roman Republic/Empire are leaders whose conviction in their rights to power establish the unwavering support of the people they lead. King Cyrus the Great rises to the throne of an expansive Persian Empire. As King, he brings virtually the entire Near East under his control. In 539, claiming to be under the divine right the BabylonianRead MoreAlexander the Great Summary 16861 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander had the promise to become a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. That is why I chose he book Alexander the Great, by J.R. Hamilton for my review. Hamilton does a very good job with the story of Alexander the Great. The book

Legal And Ethical Issues Of Copyright - 1514 Words

Legal and Ethical Issues in Copyright Introduction In the digitalized the age, people have the ability to easily spread and share knowledge. With this great ability people are also given the tools to infringe upon the intellectual property of others. Whether this be through intentional copyright infringement, plagiarism or any other action that infringes upon the rights of others intellectual property. With so many cases of copyright infringement being brought before the legal system of the United States and other countries the problem of copyright infringement has grown out of control. Legally copyright infringement is a strict liability tort, which means that intentions don t matter, if infringement occurred, then the infringer is liable. Copyright laws being as complex as they are have multiple ways to interpret it, with the United States having â€Å"Fair Use† as a vague way of being able to use this content. This ability to use also can lead to the infringement upon others works, whether this is by willfully violating a c opyright, just plain ignorance the copyright or not understanding how to comply with a copyright. Fair Use Copyrighting content is done in order to protect works form being used or misused by others. To use copyrighted material without the copyright holder’s permission you must follow the guidelines laid out by fair use. Fair use allows the copying of copyrighted material when done in a limited way, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody aShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Aspects of Starting a Business1724 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Legal Aspects of Starting a Business Much has changed in the nine or so years since the advent of YouTube. The legal and ethical concerns which present themselves in 2013 were fundamentally non-issues in 2005 when the company debuted. Furthermore, in 2013, user generated content is a more exacerbated issue than it ever was before. For example, in many case, user-participation implies some sort of content necessary in general: blog comments to forum discussions to photo-posting, a great deal ofRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Payola1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough scams, fraud and even bribery. Two ethical issues continue to persist within the industry. The first ethical issue is Payola, the practice of a compensating a media outlet, such as a radio or TV station, for playing an artist’s work by the artist’s record label. The second issue is illegal sampling, the practice of taking pieces of an artist’s music, without proper permission, in order to create a new song by another musician. We have seen both issues rear their heads in the last 5 years andRead MoreThe Rights Of The Sound Maker1575 Words   |  7 Pagesfixation. If the sound recordings are published before the copyright expires, the term application is seventy years before its publication or a hundred years from the date of fixation. 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Strategic Management; McLaren group Free Essays

string(56) " act in the same way as organisms in their environment\." Executive Summary The McLaren Group was founded in 1963 and entered Formula One racing in 1966 achieving its first victory at the Belgium Grand prix in 1968. Today, after 181 Grand Prix victories, the group owns one of the world’s leading Formula One teams and has also expanded to include six separate companies in a variety of markets namely: McLaren Racing; McLaren Automotive; McLaren Electronics Systems (MES); McLaren Applied Technologies (MAT); McLaren Marketing and Absolute Taste. Based near Woking, McLaren opened the new ?40 million McLaren Production Centre (MPC) in November 2011 and expect annual production of the MP4-12C sports car to reach 4000 by 2015. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management; McLaren group or any similar topic only for you Order Now McLaren has successfully averted the market entry barriers in entering its mass car industry. Moreover, McLaren Group has undergone various levels of diversification including horizontal, vertical, cross sector and un-related diversification to accomplish such as varied portfolio of companies. Its corporate diversification strategies correspond to the contemporary management views from a historical perspective. Introduction In the past few decades, there has a lot of debate regarding strategic management and its critical role in determining the success of a business in an increasingly complex and competitive business environment. According to Johnson, et al. (2008) â€Å"strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations.† Michael Porter (2001) mentions that â€Å"strategy is likely to concern itself with the survival of the business as the minimum objective and the creation of value-added as a maximum objective.† This essay focuses upon the strategic management issues surrounding McLaren. The conception of strategic management encapsulates numerous management themes and therefore, it is logical to narrow the focus this essay to a specific strategic management issue. This essay em phasizes upon the diversification strategies adopted by Mc over the years of its establishment. Within the broader realm of diversification, the essay will also analyze its market entry strategy in mass car market. Averting Market Entry Barrier in Mass Car Industry This part of the essay will briefly analyze the market entry barriers averted by McLaren in its bid to enter the mass car market. The analysis is based on Porter’s (1979) five forces framework. Suppliers Bargaining Power Suppliers bargaining power refers to their ability to influence the price of a product. A limited number of suppliers for key components of a product results in high suppliers bargaining power. In case of high-end automobile industry, where there are a notable few suppliers for high-performance engines and other high-tech components, bargaining power is very high. Most of the new entrants in the sports cars and high-end road cars industry usually procure engines from other specialized suppliers. The success of market entry therefore, depends upon successful partnerships with such specialized suppliers. McLaren averted the challenges posed by high suppliers bargaining power through its prolonged partnership with Mercedes which provides it with engines for both its formula one as well as road cars. Bargaining Power of Consumers It refers to the ability of customers to influence the price of a product or their influence on a production industry. In case of Mc, the buyers bargaining power is very low as its customers are fragmented i.e. they are different and have no influence over product or its price. Moreover, Mc road cars are high performance non-standardized cars making them unique. Most of its customers buy them for its symbolic value and therefore have less influence over its price or production. Threat of New Entrants The possibility that new firms may enter an industry also affects competition. Automobile industry is widely seen as confined from the threat of new entrants because of the large capital and resources required for car production and marketing and distribution. Large initial capital requirement implies high suck costs, which increases the risks of market entry in this industry. However, in case of McLaren, the company entered the road car industry through its diversification strategy as it was already involved in producing formula one racing cars and tailored customer cars for years, rather than as an entirely new incumbent. Mc already had a strong brand image, experience and technical expertise along with relevant infrastructure and production facilities to support its entry in the mass car market. Threat of Substitutes and Competitive Rivalry McLaren has a niche product market for its consumer cars as its produces highly specialized cars. Its cars are unique and non-standardized and usually produced in small numbers. For these reasons, its products face relative low threat of substitutes. It faces competitive rivalry from other high-end car producers; however, since it produces cars in a small quantity, these are highly sought after and are not threatened by substitutes. Defining the Level of Diversification Shown by the McLaren Group Growth Strategies Igor Ansoff (1957) quoted the Red Queen, a famous character of Lewis Carroll’s book ‘Through the Looking-Galss’ in his work ‘strategies of diversification’ wherein she says: â€Å"Now, here, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!† (Carroll, 1941) This contention put forth by the Red Queen led to the development of the Red Queen hypothesis (also referred to as Red Queen’s Race or Red Queen’s Effect) which emphasizes upon the need of an organism to constantly adapt, evolve and propagate not just to gain a reproductive advantage over other organisms but also to survive in a constantly changing and opposing environment (Van Valen, 1973). Van Valen (1973) elaborates this principle and asserts that in an evolutionary system, an organization needs continuous developments to sustain its fitness â€Å"relative to the system in which it co-evolves†. The red queen principle is widely applied in evolutionary sciences in the field of biology. Some economists also apply this phenomenon to the evolutionary process of economies, wherein business entities operating in the market act in the same way as organisms in their environment. You read "Strategic Management; McLaren group" in category "Essay examples" This implies that businesses need to grow continuously in order to survive in their respective markets and they need to grow twice as fast in order to get ahead of the competition (Ansoff, 1957). According to Ansoff (1957), a firm can adopt one or more of the four basic strategies for growth. These are market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. Contrary to the former three strategies which represent change in product/market structure, diversification involves a change in the characteristics of a firm’s product line and/or market. Diversification â€Å"calls for a simultaneous departure from the present product line and the present market structure† (Ansoff, 1957, p.114). Horizontal Diversification According to Charles et. al, (2010), there is two basic types of diversification namely related and unrelated diversification. These authors further divide related diversification into three categories as horizontal, vertical and cross-sector diversification. The distinctions between these strategies can be described in terms of the combination of industry similarity and value chain similarity (see fig 1.). Horizontal diversification occurs when a company enters in a new business which falls within the same industry and employs the exact same value chain as of its core business. McLaren has so far not diversified horizontally as it has neither acquired nor merged with any other formula one racing team, which is its core business. Fig.1 Vertical Diversification Vertical diversification occurs when a firm enters into a business which shares a common industry; however, the value chain differs (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren underwent vertical diversification through the establishment of its automotive business. In its formative years, McLaren built several cars including formula two, hillclimbing, formula 5000 and sports cars that were sold to customers. McLaren contracted Trojan to built customer versions of several McLaren’s race cars. Finally in 1992, McLaren ventured into the mass car market by offering a slightly varied version of its formula one racing car called McLaren F1 supercar to the consumer market. Later it produced the iconic Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren in collaboration with Mercedes (William, 2009). The company has developed a high tech automotive production plant for manufacturing high end consumer cars. McLaren Automotive has established itself as a global brand and is currently pursuing the production of new MP4-12C ca r. Similarly, McLaren’s establishment of its electronic systems business, which produces high-end electronics control unit (ECU) for teams racing on the formula one circuit, also qualifies for vertical diversification. Through this business, McLaren creates advanced race telemetry and sensory devices for formula one racing team. This business operates within the same industry as McLaren core business, but it engages an entirely different production, distribution and customer network (McLaren, 2013). Cross Sector Diversification Cross sector diversification occurs when a firm enters into business within a different industry which has a similar value chain as of its core business (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren also ventured into cross sector diversification by entering into a marketing and advertising business. Similarly, its venturing into the event management and hospitality industry also qualifies for cross sector diversification. Both these businesses share the same value chain as of McLaren’s core racing business to some extent in that they both cater the internal demands of McLaren Group and serve its own customers. McLaren marketing overlooks the group’s marketing activities apart from operating as a separate entity while Absolute Taste (McLaren’s hospitality and event management business) caters the Group’s customer at formula one event along with serving other high-end customers globally. Unrelated Diversification Unrelated diversification occurs when a firm enters into a new business in a different industry than that of its primary business through which it does not aim to achieve any value chain synergies (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren, diversification into applied technologies can be categorized as unrelated diversification in that this business engages an entirely different value chain in terms of suppliers, production, and customers. This business involves developing groundbreaking technologies for the field of sport, medicine, biomechanics and entertainment (McLaren, 2013). It is worthy to note that this business does benefit from McLaren’s overall technical know-how in providing improved technological systems and solutions and therefore it cannot be definitely termed as unrelated diversification. Historical Perspective on Corporate Diversification From 1950s to 1970s There was an era when there were only a few companies selling similar products within a particular market, while the demands of the customers were relatively simple and less sophisticated. At that time, the phenomenon of strategic management was neither popular nor deemed a critical element for business success. This was the case throughout the first half of the 20th century (Orcullo, 2007). In the following two decades, there was an emphasis upon several principles of management, which were deemed equally applicable across various industries and businesses. Throughout 1960s and 1970s, the simple faith in general management skills justified virtuous circle of corporate growth and diversification. Robert Katz noted in that regard that: â€Å"We are all familiar with those ‘professional managers’ who are becoming the prototypes of our modern executive world. These men shift with great ease and with no apparent loss in effectiveness, from one industry to another. Their hum an and conceptual skills seem to make up for their unfamiliarity with the new job’s technical aspects.† (Goold and Luchs, 1993) Hence, during 1950s and 1960s, it was widely opined that any business with a relatively effective management could venture into any other related or un-related business solely based upon its managerial resources. Throughout this period, McLaren was simply focused upon its primary business of formula one racing. From 1970s to 1980s According to Orcullo (2007), the notion of strategic management only became popular and well known after the 1970s. Strategic positioning and market competition implied that firms were now under increasing pressure to grow and diversify in order to sustain and thrive in the changing business environment. Concurrently, there was a realization during 1970s and 1980s that different businesses had to be managed differently (Goold and Luchs, 1993). This view encouraged businesses to undergo main related-horizontal diversification so that a firm’s new undertakings may share the exact sources of synergies such as market, operational and management fit. At this time, McLaren strategized to expand into mass car market which closely shared the sources of synergies with McLaren’s racing team. 1990s and Onwards During the late 1980s and 1990s, management literature introduced new themes such as core competencies and management dominant logic view and business synergies. These themes further emphasized on achieving synergy through diversification and venturing into businesses which were directly or indirectly related to the core competencies and fell within the dominant management logic of the company (Goold and Luchs, 1993). Coinciding to these corresponding business views, McLaren was expanding in some of its current businesses during this time which are all either directly or indirectly related to its core competencies and create synergy for the McLaren Group. References Ansoff, I. (1957) Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 35 Issue 5. Carroll, L. (1941). Through the Looking-Glass. The Heritage Press . New York, p. 41. Charles E., Bamford, G. and West, P (2010). Strategic Management. Cengage Learning. Goold, M. and Luchs, K. (1993) Why Diversify: Four Decades of Management Thinking. Academic of Management Executive. Vol. 7 No. 3 Johnson G. Scholes K. Whittingham W. 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th edition. Prentice Hall McLaren (2013) Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. Available from http://www.mclaren.com/formula1/page/mclaren-group (cited on 8th, March, 2013) Orcullo, N. (2007) Fundamentals of Strategic Management. Rex Bookstore, Inc. Porter, M.E. (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979. Porter, M. E. (2001) Service Operations Strategy. Harvard Business School Porter. M.E. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, January 2008, p.86-104. Van Valen, L. (1973) A New Evolutionary Law in Evolutionary Theory, p. 1-30. William, T. (2009). McLaren – The Cars 1964–2008. Coterie Press. How to cite Strategic Management; McLaren group, Essay examples

Dorothy Day Essay Research Paper Dorothy Day free essay sample

Dorothy Day Essay, Research Paper Dorothy Day, laminitis of the Catholic Worker motion, was born in Brooklyn, New York, November 8, 1897. After lasting the San Francisco temblor in 1906, the Day household moved into a level in Chicago # 8217 ; s South Side. It was a large measure down in the universe made necessary because John Day was out of work. Day understands of the shame people feel when they fail in their attempts dated from this clip. ( Miller, p.4 ) When John Day was appointed athleticss editor of a Chicago newspaper, the Day household moved into a comfy house on the North Side. Here Dorothy began to read books that stirred her scruples. Upon Sinclair # 8217 ; s novel, The Jungle, inspired Day to take long walks in hapless vicinities in Chicago # 8217 ; s South Side. It was the start of a life-long attractive force to countries many people avoid. Day won a scholarship that brought her to the University of Illinois campus at Urbana in the autumn of 1914. But she was a loath bookman. Her reading was in a extremist societal way. ( Miller, p.5 ) She avoided campus societal life and insisted on back uping herself instead than populate on money from her male parent. Droping out of college two old ages subsequently, she moved to New York where she found a occupation as a newsman for The Call, the metropolis # 8217 ; s merely socialist day-to-day. She covered mass meetings and presentations and interviewed people runing from pantrymans and pantrymans to labor organizers and revolutionists. She following worked for The Masses, a magazine that opposed American engagement in the European war. In September, the Post Office rescinded the magazine # 8217 ; s get offing license. Federal officers seized back issues, manuscripts, endorser lists and correspondence. Five editors were charged with sedition. In November 1917 Day went to prison for being one of 40 adult females in forepart of the White House protesting adult females # 8217 ; s exclusion from the electorate. Arriving at a rural workhouse, the adult females were approximately handled. The adult females responded with a hungriness work stoppage. Finally they were freed by presidential order. Returning to New York, Day felt that news media was a meager response to a universe at war. In the spring of 1918, she signed up for a nurse # 8217 ; s developing plan in Brooklyn. Her strong belief that the societal order was unfair changed in no significant manner from her adolescence until her decease, though she neer identified herself with any political party. ( Forest, p.23 ) Her spiritual development was a slower procedure. ( Miller, p.6 ) As a kid she had attended services at an Episcopal Church. As a immature journalist in New York, she would sometimes do late-at-night visits to St. Joseph # 8217 ; s Catholic Church. In 1922, in Chicago working as a newsman, she roomed with three immature adult females who went to Mass every Sunday and holy twenty-four hours and put aside clip each twenty-four hours for supplication. It was clear to her that worship, worship, Thanksgiving, invocation # 8230 ; were the noblest Acts of the Apostless of which we are capable in this life. ( Day, p.8 ) Her following occupation was with a newspaper in New Orleans. Back in New York in 1924, Day bought a beach bungalow on Staten Island utilizing money from the sale of film rights for a novel. She besides began a four-year common-law matrimony with Forster Batterham, an English phytologist she had met through friends in Manhattan. Batterham was an nihilist opposed to marriage and faith. In a universe of such inhuman treatment, he found it impossible to believe in a God. ( Miller, p.6 ) It grieved her that Batterham didn # 8217 ; t sense God # 8217 ; s presence within the natural universe. How can at that place be no God, she asked, when there are all these beautiful things? ( Day, p.11 ) His annoyance with her soaking up in the supernatural would take them to dispute. ( Miller, p.7 ) What moved everything to a different plane for her was gestation. She had been pregnant one time before, old ages before, as the consequence of a love matter with a journalist. This resulted in the great calamity of her life, an abortion. The matter and its atrocious wake had been the topic of her novel, The Eleventh Virgin. Her gestation with Batterham seemed to Day nil less than a miracle. But Batterham didn # 8217 ; t believe in conveying kids into such a violent universe. On March 3, 1927, Tamar Theresa Day was born. Day could believe of nil better to make with the gratitude that overwhelmed her than arrange Tamar # 8217 ; s baptism in the Catholic Church. I did non desire my kid to flounder as I had frequently floundered. I wanted to believe, and I wanted my kid to believe, and if belonging to a Church would give her so inestimable a grace as religion in God, and the companionable love of the Saints, so the thing to make was to hold her baptised a Catholic. ( Day, p.16 ) After Tamar # 8217 ; s baptism, there was a lasting interruption with Batterham. In the winter of 1932 Day travelled to Washington, D.C. , to describe for Commonweal and America magazines on the Hunger March. Day watched the dissenters parade down the streets of Washington transporting marks naming for occupations, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, alleviation for female parents and kids, wellness attention and lodging. Back in her flat in New York, Day met Peter Maurin, a Gallic immigrant 20 old ages her senior. Maurin, a former Christian Brother, had left France for Canada in 1908 and subsequently made his manner to the United States. When he met Day, he was jack of all trades at a Catholic boys # 8217 ; cantonment in upstate New York, having repasts, usage of the chaplain # 8217 ; s library, populating infinite in the barn and occasional pocket money. During his old ages of roving, Maurin had come to a Franciscan attitude, encompassing poorness as a career. His celibate, unencumbered life offered clip for survey and supplication, out of which a vision had taken signifier of a societal order, instilled with basic values of the Gospel. A born instructor, he found willing hearers, among them George Shuster, editor of Commonweal magazine, who gave him Day # 8217 ; s reference. What Day should make, Maurin said, was get down a paper to advertise Catholic societal instruction and promote stairss to convey about the peaceable transmutation of society. Day found that the Paulist Press was willing to publish 2,500 transcripts of an eight-page tabloid paper for $ 57. Her kitchen was the new paper # 8217 ; s editorial office. She decided to sell the paper for a penny a transcript, so cheap that anyone could afford to purchase it. ( Day, p.7 ) On May 1, the first transcripts of The Catholic Worker were handed out on Union Square. Few publication ventures run into with such immediate success. By December, 100,000 transcripts were being printed each month. Readers found a unique voice in The Catholic Worker. It expressed dissatisfaction with the societal order and took the side of labour brotherhoods, but its vision of the ideal hereafter challenged both urbanization and industrialism. ( Miller, p.14 ) For the first half twelvemonth The Catholic Worker was merely a newspaper, but as winter approached, stateless people began to strike hard on the door. Maurin # 8217 ; s essays in the paper were naming for reclamation of the antediluvian Christian pattern of cordial reception to those who were homeless. Miller, p.14 ) these manner followings of Christ could react to Jesus # 8217 ; words: I was a alien and you took me in. Maurin opposed the thought that Christians should take attention merely of their friends and leave attention of aliens to impersonal charitable bureaus. ( Miller, p.14 ) By the wintertime, an flat was rented with infinite for 10 adult females, shortly after a topographic point for work forces. Following came a house in Greenwich Village. In 1936 the community moved into two edifices in Chinatown, but no expansion could perchance happen room for all those in demand. Chiefly they were work forces, Day wrote, gray work forces, the coloring material of lifeless trees and shrubs and winter dirt, who had in them as yet none of the viridity of hope, the lifting sap of religion. ( Day, p.13 ) Many were surprised that, in contrast with most charitable Centres, no 1 at the Catholic Worker set about reforming them. A rood on the wall was the lone unmistakable grounds of the religion of those welcoming them. The staff received merely nutrient, board and occasional pocket money. The Catholic Worker became a national motion. By 1936 there were 33 Catholic Worker Houses spread across the state. Due to the Depression, there were plentifulness of people necessitating them. The Catholic Worker attitude toward those who were welcomed wasn # 8217 ; t ever appreciated. These weren # 8217 ; T the worth hapless, it was sometimes objected, but rummies and goldbricks. ( Miller, p.15 ) A sing societal worker asked Day how long the clients were permitted to remain. We allow them remain everlastingly, Day answered with a ferocious expression in her oculus. They live with us, they die with us, and we give them a Christian buria l. We pray for them after they are dead. Once they are taken in, they become members of the household. Or instead they ever were members of the household. They are our brothers and sisters in Christ. ( Day, p.17 ) The Catholic Worker besides experimented with agrarian communes. In 1935 a house with a garden was rented on Staten Island. Soon after came Mary Farm in Easton, Pennsylvania, a belongings eventually given up because of discord within the community. Another farm was purchased in upstate New York close Newburgh. Called the Maryfarm Retreat House, it was destined for a longer life. Subsequently came the Maurin Peter Farm on Staten Island, which subsequently moved to Tivoli and so to Marlborough, both in the Hudson Valley. Day came to see the career of the Catholic Worker was non so much to establish model agricultural communities as rural houses of cordial reception. What got Day into the most problem was pacificism. ( Pausell, p.105 ) Angstrom non-violent manner of life, as she saw it, was at the bosom of the Gospel. For many centuries the Catholic Church had accommodated itself to war. Popes had blessed ground forcess and preached Crusades. In the thirteenth century St. Francis of Assisi had revived the dovish manner, but by the 20th century, it was unknown for Catholics to take such a place. The Catholic Worker # 8217 ; s first look of pacificism, published in 1935, was a duologue between a nationalist and Christ, the nationalist dismissing Christ # 8217 ; s instruction as a baronial but impractical philosophy. Few readers were troubled by such articles until the Spanish Civil War in 1936. The fascist side, led by Franco, presented itself as guardian of the Catholic religion. About every Catholic bishop and publication rallied behind Franco. The Catholic Worker, declining to back up either side in the war, lost two-thirds of its readers. Those endorsing Franco, Day warned early in the war, ought to take another expression at recent events in [ Nazi ] Germany. ( Day, p.20 ) She expressed anxiousness for the Jews and subsequently was among the laminitiss of the Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism. Following Japan # 8217 ; s attack on Pearl Harbor and America # 8217 ; s declaration of war, Dorothy announced that the paper would keep its pacificist base. We will publish the words of Jesus who is with us ever, Day wrote. ( Forest, p.18 ) Resistance to the war, she added, had nil to make with understanding for America # 8217 ; s enemies. But the agencies of action the Catholic Worker motion supported were the plants of clemency instead than the plants of war. Not all members of Catholic Worker communities agreed. Fifteen houses of cordial reception closed in the months following the U.S. entry into the war. The immature work forces who identified with the Catholic Worker motion during the war by and large spent much of the war old ages either in prison, or in rural work cantonments. Some did unarmed military service as trefoils. The universe war ended in 1945, but out of it emerged the Cold war, the nuclear-armed warfare province and a series of smaller wars in which America was frequently involved. One of the rites of life for the New York Catholic Worker community get downing in the late fiftiess was the refusal to take part in the province # 8217 ; s one-year civil defense mechanism drill. Such readying for onslaught seemed to Day portion of an effort to advance atomic war as survivable and winnable and to warrant disbursement one million millions on the armed forces. When the Sirens sounded June 15, 1955, Day was among a little group of people sitting in forepart of City Hall. In the name of Jesus, who is God, who is Love, we will non obey this order to feign, to evacuate, to conceal. We will non be drilled into fright. We do non hold faith in God if we depend upon the Atom Bomb . ( Forest, p.9 ) The first twelvemonth the dissenters were reprimanded. The following twelvemonth Day and others were sent to imprison for five yearss. Arrested once more the following twelvemonth, the justice jailed her for 30 yearss. In 1958, a different justice suspended sentence. In 1959, Day was back in prison, but merely for five yearss. Then came 1960, when alternatively of a smattering of people coming to City Hall Park, 500 turned up. The constabulary arrested merely a few ; Day conspicuously non among those singled out. In 1961 the crowd swelled to 2,000. This clip 40 were arrested, but once more Day was exempted. It proved to be the last twelvemonth of frock dry runs for atomic war in New York. ( Miller, p.24 ) Another Catholic Worker emphasis was the civil rights motion. As usual Day wanted to see people who were puting an illustration and therefore went to Koinonia, a Christian agricultural community in rural Georgia where inkinesss and Whites lived peacefully together. The community was under onslaught when Day visited in 1957. One of the community houses had been hit by machine-gun fire and Ku Klux Klan members had burned crosses on community land. Day insisted on taking a bend at the lookout station. ( Miller, p.25 ) Detecting an approaching auto had reduced its velocity ; she ducked merely as a slug struck the maneuvering column in forepart of her face. Concern with the Church # 8217 ; s response to war led Day to Rome during the Second Vatican Council, an event Pope John XXIII hoped would reconstruct the simple and pure lines that the face of the Church of Jesus had at its birth. ( Forest, p.13 ) In 1963 Day was one 50 Mothers for Peace who went to Rome to thank Pope John for his encyclical Pacem in Terris. Near to decease, the Catholic Pope couldn # 8217 ; t run into them in private, but at one of his last public audiences blessed the pilgrims, inquiring them to go on their labors. Acts of war doing the indiscriminate devastation of # 8230 ; huge countries with their dwellers were the order of the twenty-four hours in parts of Vietnam under intense U.S. barrage in 1965 and the old ages following. Many immature Catholic Workers went to prison for declining to collaborate with muster, while others did alternate service. About everyone in Catholic Worker communities took portion in protests. Many went to prison for Acts of the Apostless of civil noncompliance. Probably there has neer been a newspaper so many of whose editors have been jailed for Acts of the Apostless of scruples. Day herself was last jailed in 1973 for taking portion in a banned lookout line in support of farmworkers. She was 75. Day lived long plenty to see her accomplishments honoured. In 1967, when she made her last visit to Rome to take portion in the International Congress of the Laity, she found she was one of two Americans # 8212 ; the other an astronaut # 8212 ; invited to have Sacramental manduction from the custodies of Pope Paul VI. On her 75th birthday the Jesuit magazine America devoted a particular issue to her, happening in her the single whom best exemplified the aspiration and action of the American Catholic community during the past 40 old ages. Notre Dame University presented her with its Laetare Medal, thanking her for soothing the stricken and afflicting the comfy. Among those who came to see her when she was no longer able to go was Mother Theresa of Calcutta, who had one time pinned on Day # 8217 ; s dress the cross worn merely by to the full professed members of the Missionary Sisters of Charity. Long before her decease November 29, 1980, Day found herself regarded by many as a saint. No words of hers are better known than her brusque response, Don # 8217 ; t name me a saint. I don # 8217 ; t want to be dismissed so easy. ( Miller, p.46 ) However, holding herself treasured the memory and informant of many saints ; she is a campaigner for inclusion in the calendar of saints. The Claretians have launched an attempt to hold her canonised. If I have achieved anything in my life, she one time remarked, it is because I have non been embarrassed to speak about God. ( Day, p.1 ) Dorothy Day # 8217 ; s life and plants are a great inspiration. Her altruism and strength are great theoretical accounts for people today. She was non merely seeking comfort the hapless but change their state of affairs. She incorporated CHARITY and JUSTICE in her campaign for the hapless and voiceless. The fact that she questioned the church in her spiritual development is soothing to me. It shows that even the most sacredly devoted people have inquiries. She took an tremendous hazard with her life while staying firm confident in the righteousness of her cause. As a consequence, her life changed many of our mentalities and perceptual experiences. Bibliography: Tom Cornell, Robert Ellsberg and Jim Forest, editors, A Penny a Transcript: Hagiographas from the Catholic Worker ( Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1995 ) Dorothy Day, The Long Loneliness. ( Chicago: Saint Thomas More Press, 1993 ) William Miller, Dorothy Day: A Biography ( New York: Harper A ; Row, 1982 ) William O. Paulsell, Tough Minds Tender Hearts ( New York: Paulist Press, 1990 )

Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Paper Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet with appropriate reference to social context, theme, character, setting and audience. Romeo and Juliet was based on a narrative poem by Arthur Brooke. Shakespeare made the poem much more dramatic by making the events happen in five days rather than three months like the poem The play is based on two star-crossd lovers who fall in love, then take their lives. Mercutio appears to be a minor character as he only performs in four scenes. Until the death of Mercutio Romeo and Juliet could have been a comedy, however, after Mercutios death, the play changes its pace and much darker in its themes and concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse the dramatic function of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Elizabethan audience would have had a different opinion on the play than we have today. The Elizabethan males would have found Mercutio very funny as they believed they were superior to females and would have agreed with Mercutios bawdy sense of humour. We today find it funny and offensive as males and females have an equal place in todays society. Shakespeares theatre company was called the Chamberlains Men and had twelve leading actors. Shakespeare would have a particular actor in mind for each character in the play. Mercutio has a minor role in the play, but his death brings the final tragic outcome which is the death of both Romeo and Juliet. Mercutio being a very bawdy person talks about women in a very sexual way and seems to feel that women are there for a mans pleasure. I conjure thee by Rosalines bright eyes By her high forehead and her scarlet lip, By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thigh, And the demesnes that there adjacent lie. This speech made by Mercutio implies that Romeo only wants Rosaline for her feminine parts. O that she were An open-etcetera, thou a poprin pear. Mercutio is only interested in females for their feminine parts. Whereas Romeo believes in respect for women. Benvolio stands up to Mercutio by saying And if he hear thee, thou wilt anger him. This is said after Mercutios speech about Rosaline. By remaining silent, Benvolio is showing that what Mercutio is saying about Romeo and Rosaline is wrong and rude. Benvolio sticks up for Romeo although he, also, feels that Romeo needs to get over Rosaline. Come, he hath hid himself among these trees, To be consorted with the humorous night: Blind is love and best befits the dark. The Queen Mab speech shows a different side of Mercutio. At the start of the speech he talks about a fairy (Queen Mab) giving you your dreams and how dreamers often lie. This shows Mercutio has no belief in dreams, it shows to me that he is implying that dreamers lie as it is what we would like to happen not what is going to happen in reality. As Mercutio progresses into the speech it becomes darker and more menacing. This shows that Mercutio is a more complex character than we first thought. This speech shows us a lot about Mercutios mercurial character because it appears from nowhere, other than a wish to entertain his friends in a breathless, excited manner. It also makes us identify Mercutio, so that we feel sorry for him when he is killed and it helps to explain Romeos reaction to his death. The theme of the speech is that people of that time believed that dreams fore-told the future, and that Romeo should have followed his feelings and not gone to the party. Mercutios attitude to the Nurse in Act 2 sc IV is bawdy. Everything the nurse says he replies to with a sarcastic remark. When the nurse bids him good-morrow Mercutio bids a good-den to confuse her. This shows the audience that Mercutio is very volatile and misogynistic. Shakespeare makes the tension grow by contrasting scenes of love with scenes of hate. Although many scenes in Act 2 have a comic tone, the mood of the play quickly shifts in Act 3. At first the audience are indulging in tender love scenes between Romeo and Juliet, then next their plunged back into the violence of the street brawl. Act 3 sc I is the fight scene. This shows off more of Mercutios darker character. The weather at the beginning is oppressively hot and tempers are short. Benvolio even says if they meet the Capulets they will not escape a brawl. Right from the beginning Mercutio is spoiling for a fight, even manages to argue with the peace making Benvolio. Further excitement is built up by Romeos refusal to fight Tybalt. Tybalt tries to manipulate him by calling him a villain and a boy, but this does not push Romeo. Romeo keeps his cool as he is now married to Juliet, Tybalts cousin. The fight its self is exciting as Mercutio is fighting to defend Romeos honour. Romeo stops the fight but everything escalates out of control. The drama continues with Mercutios death and the puns he made beforehand: Ask for me tomorrow and you will find me a grave man. Mercutio is saying if you want me tomorrow, I will not be here, Ill be dead. The anger of Romeo over Mercutios death also adds to the tension of when Mer cutio said a plague on both your houses. Benvolios character is completely different from Mercutios. Where as Mercutio is hot-headed and bawdy. Benvolio is a pacifist and is quiet. Benvolio tries to stop the fight by saying if we stay we shall not escape a brawl. Tybalt was introduced to the audience in Act 1 sc V as being very fiery. He admitted to the audience in a soliloquy that Romeos intrusion at the Capulets ball has caused him to feel bitter and angry, and that he is going to get his revenge on Romeo. I will withdraw; but this intrusion shall, Now seeming sweet, convert to bittrest gall. The audience already know Tybalt as the Prince of Cats because Mercutio spoke about his good fencing skills in a mocking way in Act 2 sc IV. The very Butcher of a silk button, a duellist, a duellist! A gentleman of the very first house, of the first and second cause. Ah, the immortal passado! the punto reverse! The hay! Mercutios mercurial character associates him with passion and energy. Tybalt tries to act in a more honourable way to look the bigger man in front of Romeo and his friends as they gate crash the Capulets ball. Tybalts manner shows that although he was not happy about them being there he was not going to let them see it was bothering him. Romeo does not want to fight Tybalt because in the scene before hand, Romeo had just married Juliet. Romeo says: I do protest I never injurd thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love: And so, good Capulet, which made, which name I tender As dearly as my own, be satisfied. This speech by Romeo proves that he has no intention of starting or enduring in a fight, especially as Tybalt is the cousin of his wife. But after Tybalt kills Mercutio it pushes Romeo over the edge and causes him to fight Tybalt without the intention of killing him. Shakespeare makes the death of Mercutio seem tragic but comic by having him killed off in the middle of the play as everyone would have enjoyed his character. The comic part of Mercutio being killed off is conveyed by short and powerful speeches he gave before he died. Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man. A plague o both your houses! Mercutios last words are foreshadowing as he seems to be implying that its every one elses fault apart from his own. A plague o both your houses! is him saying its the ancient grudge fault hes dying and if they sorted out the family feud then it would not have come to his death. Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Is Mercutios way of telling everyone hes dying! But because of his mercurial side they dont believe him and think that he is joking. Mercutios death leaves the Montagues and Capulets mourning as, his death leads to the death of Romeo and Juliet. At first I thought Mercutios death had a big impact on Romeo and Juliets deaths. Now I have read and studied the play I come to believe that it was the ancient grudge that caused all the deaths in the play. Mercutios death leaded to Romeo killing Tybalt, Romeo being banished, Romeo thinking Juliet was dead, Romeo killing himself at Juliets side with her just coming round, then Juliet killing herself. If the families had left the ancient grudge in the past, it would never have been able to cause such grief. It must have been a stupid falling out between the families as neither family can remember what it is about! It has tragically separated each family from their child, The Capulets from the pretty, rather intelligent young lady Juliet, and the Montagues from the handsome rather soft and loving Romeo.

Where The Economy Is Now In Respect To At Least Coursework

Where The Economy Is Now In Respect To At Least Coursework Where The Economy Is Now In Respect To At Least – Coursework Example 15th February Where the economy is now in respect to at least Jobs In United s, the unemployment rate was 6.1 percent in September 2008, and after one year, the rate of unemployment increased up to 10 percent. The cause and the measures of United States unemployment rate are due to economic conditions, global competition, education, automation and demographics. These factors affect the workers and the society as a whole causing the rate of unemployment currently to be 7.3 percent. Despite the contribution of United States government to create jobs to the citizens, the economy still has 1.9 million fewer jobs (Robert 46). One of the solutions that United States is engaging in to prevent unemployment is keeping the economy growing and developing business cycle. This means that the government is spending money to the society to keep the economy growing and still maintaining the economy to be steady. With the recent pace of job growth, it will just take 11 months to lower the rate of une mployment thus reaching the previous peak.Economic growth In 2008, the impact of the financial crisis was cascading though the system and gross domestic product (GDP) dropped by 8.3 percent and this was during the first quarter of 2008. The country during this year dropped the gross domestic product by 0.3 percent and this kept on increasing up to 2009 which cascaded by 2.8 percent drop (James 86). Nation Bureau of Economic Research carried a research where the United States economy stood at $15,681T in 2009 comparing with $14,895T that was experienced in 2008. The pace of recovery is still being experienced since the economy has shown a growth rate of 3-3.5 percent. The country is ranked as the largest world’s single national economy estimating a GDP of $17.1 trillion in 2013.Robert, M. Labor Force And Unemployment, New York: New York Press, 1973.Print James, K. Gross Domestic Product, Big Gaps. New York: ZED Books, 2009.Print

Care Ethics Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Care Ethics - Personal Statement Example When my mother asks me to run errands for the house like picking my younger brother up from school or babysitting him while mother has gone to buy grocery, I do it not because I love doing these tasks but because as the elder child this is my responsibility. Although I am least interested in singing nursery rhymes and making cereal for my brother, I have to do it. This is because from a very young age I have been told to become a responsible individual who fulfills all the duties. Therefore this is an example of ethical action based on duty from my life. The former example illustrates the ethics of care whereby our moral actions are determined by the understanding of the importance of relationships. My enthusiasm to meet and help my grandmother is because of the special bond between us. The latter example shows that my motives to help my mother are based on the Kantian ethics of duty, according to which actions that are done due to inclination have no moral value. My efforts to help my mother are just to discharge my duties. When I help my grandmother, I look forward to the smile on her face and the faintest hint of smile on her face makes me happy and proud of myself. In other words the consequences of my act determine whether my action is morally right or wrong. However when I baby-sit my brother, I do so in reverence to the societal norms.

Harley Davidson Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Harley Davidson - Coursework Example Over the years HD Motorcycle Company had to adopt many strategies in terms of marketing so that they could cope with stiff competition posed by the likes of Honda and Suzuki. According to a famous book written by Michael porter on the different competitive strategies adopted by companies and nations, we see that they may take the form of 3 basic strategies; the overall cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy or the strategy that focuses on just a particular niche of the market. These strategies are normally used to create a platform that can be used to outperform various competitors. Harley Davidson generally uses the ‘differentiation’ strategy widely as their generic competitive strategy. The differentiation strategy is where a company chooses to counter competition by attempting to offer something unique in the existing market in terms of products or services. The HD motorcycle company offers its heavyweight brand of motorcycles through various designs which are distinctive in terms of design. The company in itself has over 100 years of existence in the motorcycle industry, more than any other motorcycle company in the world. It was because of this that the Harley Davidson brand has become an American iconic brand and nostalgia therefore it was no longer a just a motorcycle brand but also a traditional brand that has been carried on through generations. The motorcycle brand in itself consists of an American flag that represents the nice feeling of freedom to the Americans, the type of freedom only compared to that of riding. This attachment to the consumers is what has given Harley Davidson the competitive edge over other motorcycle companies. Therefore the customers owning the American made versions always perceive the Harley Davidson bikes as the only high quality products and are always demanding for the additional exclusive value that can be added without even considering the increase in price. Also still on the differentiation str ategy, the HD motorcycle company produces over 30 different models of motorcycles. This diversity has increased their reach into the 4 different units of the target market which are; Touring market, Custom market, Performance market and lastly the Standard market. Harley Davidson Company allows buyers of their bikes to customize them through the use of chromes and other custom parts that are provided by Harley Davidson dealers all over America. This has made sure that they establish an unrivaled motorcycle empire in the American market only and not the other market areas like in Europe. This was because the company’s history and reputation affected only as far as American states alone. Further differentiation of their motorcycles and accessories then proved to be a good generic competitive strategy again. This was through the development of new motorcycle design that was called the ‘V Rod’ which is a Porsche designed engine heavy motorcycle. The V Rod or the VRSC model did not just impact positively (in terms of sales volume) for Harley Davidson Company in Europe alone, it also sold very well in Japan although this strategy was not that effective as the sales

Social work- serious case review practice issues Essay

Social work- serious case review practice issues - Essay Example ppened, it would also be that such events occurred because these guardians themselves were mentally-incapacitated to provide comfort and support to the children (Lyons-Ruth, et al., 2004, p.70). In this regard other agencies could have mitigated the effects of the debilitation of the parents or caregivers of children, by having them assess the capability of these adults to provide care and support (Phillips, 1997, p.609). Most often agencies such as social welfare, schools, health practitioners and other authorities are able to give provide the necessary assistance to children in high-risk families or neighbourhoods, and the help are able to give positive results, especially when the children in question are provided with proper medical attention as well as psychiatric counselling (Faver, et al., 1999, p.90). However, there are also times when these same agencies are unable to work together in solving cases of child maltreatment or neglect, especially when the parents or guardians involved are rather resistant to any outside help, which could result to the children getting injured or even ending up dead (Rzepnicki & Johnson, 2005, p.393; Wulczyn, et al., 2010, p.5). Such events are likely to be the result of the miscommunications or the lack of correspondence among agencies, as well as not understanding how the interrelationships between welfare agencies could prevent occurrences of children getting injured inside the home. Such a case has been documented by the Birmingham Safeguarding Children Board, when a child in a rather problematic family died due to onset of infections that were attributed to lack of proper nourishment, among other things (Radford, 2010, p.5). In hindsight, the problem could have been alleviated if the agencies which were attending the family were much more proactive in truly finding out the state of the family, as well as the ability of the mother and the partner adult to care for the children. However, the communication gaps between the

The Respiratory System And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The Respiratory System And Disease Health And Social Care Essay There are two lungs in the human chest; the right lung is composed of three incomplete divisions called lobes, and the left lung has two, leaving room for the heart. The right lung accounts for 55% of total gas volume and the left lung for 45%. Lung tissue is spongy due to very small (200 to 300  ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 ¿Ã‚ ½6 m diameter in normal lungs at rest) gas-filled cavities called alveoli, which are the ultimate structures for gas exchange. There are 250 million to 350 million alveoli in the adult lung, with a total alveolar surface area of 50 to 100 m2 depending on the degree of lung inflation (2). Conducting Airways Air is transported from the atmosphere to the alveoli beginning with the oral and nasal cavities, through the pharynx (in the throat), past the glottal opening, and into the trachea or windpipe. Conduction of air begins at the larynx, or voice box, at the entrance to the trachea, which is a fibromuscular tube 10 to 12 cm in length and 1.4 to 2.0 cm in diameter. At a location called the carina, the trachea terminates and divides into the left and right bronchi. Each bronchus has a discontinuous cartilaginous support in its wall. Muscle fibers capable of controlling airway diameter are incorporated into the walls of the bronchi, as well as in those of air passages closer to the alveoli. Smooth muscle is present throughout the respiratory bronchiolus and alveolar ducts but is absent in the last alveolar duct, which terminates in one to several alveoli. The alveolar walls are shared by other alveoli and are composed of highly pliable and collapsible squamous epithelium cells. The bronchi subdivide into subbronchi, which further subdivide into bronchioli, which further subdivide, and so on, until finally reaching the alveolar level. Each airway is considered to branch into two subairways. In the adult human there are considered to be 23 such branchings, or generations, beginning at the trachea and ending in the alveoli. Movement of gases in the respiratory airways occurs mainly by bulk flow (convection) throughout the region from the mouth to the nose to the fifteenth generation. Beyond the fifteenth generation, gas diffusion is relatively more important. With the low gas velocities that occur in diffusion, dimensions of the space over which diffusion occurs (alveolar space) must be small for adequate oxygen delivery into the walls; smaller alveoli are more efficient in the transfer of gas than are larger ones (2). Alveoli Alveoli are the structures through which gases diffuse to and from the body. To ensure gas exchange occurs efficiently, alveolar walls are extremely thin. For example, the total tissue thickness between the inside of the alveolus to pulmonary capillary blood plasma is only about 0.4  ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 ¿Ã‚ ½6 m. Consequently, the principal barrier to diffusion occurs at the plasma and red blood cell level, not at the alveolar membrane (2). Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the Movement Pleural Pressure Is the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura. Alveolar pressure Is the pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli. To cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli must fall to a value slightly below atmospheric pressure. Transpulmonary pressure It is the pressure difference between that in the alveoli and that on the outer surfaces of the lungs, and it is a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of espiration, called the recoil pressure. Compliance of the Lungs The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure (if enough time is allowed to reach equilibrium) is called the lung compliance. The total compliance of both lungs together in the normal adult human being averages about 200 milliliters of air per centimeter of water transpulmonary pressure (3). Figure 2. Compliance diagram of lungs in a healthy person (3). Pathophysiology of Weaning Failure Reversible aetiologies for weaning failure can be categorized in: Respiratory load, cardiac load, neuromuscular competence, critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities (CIMMA), neuropsychological factors, and metabolic and endocrine disorders. Respiratory load The decision to attempt discontinuation of mechanical ventilation has largely been based on the clinician ¿Ã‚ ½s assessment that the patient is haemodynamically stable, awake, the disease process has been treated adequately and that indices of minimal ventilator dependency are present. The success of weaning will be dependent on the ability of the respiratory muscle pump to tolerate the load placed upon it. This respiratory load is a function of the resistance and compliance of the ventilator pump. Excess work of breathing (WOB) may be imposed by inappropriate ventilator settings resulting in ventilator dysynchrony (4). Reduced pulmonary compliance may be secondary to pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary haemorrhage or other diseases causing diffuse pulmonary infiltrates (5). Cardiac load Many patients have identified ischaemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, systolic or diastolic dysfunction prior to, or identified during, their critical illness. More subtle and less easily recognized are those patients with myocardial dysfunction, which is only apparent when exposed to the workload of weaning (5). Neuromuscular competence Liberation from mechanical ventilation requires the resumption of neuromuscular activity to overcome the impedance of the respiratory system, to meet metabolic demands and to maintain carbon dioxide homeostasis. This requires an adequate signal generation in the central nervous system, intact transmission to spinal respiratory motor neurons, respiratory muscles and neuromuscular junctions. Disruption of any portion of this transmission may contribute to weaning failure (5). Critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities CINMA are the most common peripheral neuromuscular disorders encountered in the ICU setting and usually involve both muscle and nerve (6). Psychological dysfunction Delirium, or acute brain dysfunction: Is a disturbance of the level of cognition and arousal and, in ICU patients, has been associated with many modifiable risk factors, including: use of psychoactive drugs; untreated pain; prolonged immobilisation; hypoxaemia; anaemia; sepsis; and sleep deprivation (7). Anxiety and depression: Many patients suffer significant anxiety during their ICU stay and the process of weaning from mechanical ventilation. These memories of distress may remain for years (8). Metabolic disturbances Hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia all cause muscle weakness. Hypothyroidism and hypoadrenalism may also contribute to difficulty weaning (5). Nutrition Overweight: The mechanical effects of obesity with decreased respiratory compliance, high closing volume/functional residual capacity ratio and elevated WOB might be expected to impact on the duration of mechanical ventilation (5). Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness oxidative stress Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness oxidative stress is defined as loss of diaphragm force-generating capacity that is specifically related to use of controlled mechanical ventilation (9). Clinical Presentation of Patients Patients can be classified into three groups according to the difficulty and length of the weaning process. The simple weaning, group 1, includes patients who successfully pass the initial spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and are successfully extubated on the first attempt. Group 2, difficult weaning, includes patients who require up to three SBT or as long as 7 days from the first SBT to achieve successful weaning. Group 3, prolonged weaning, includes patients who require more than three SBT or more than 7 days of weaning after the first SBT (5). Clinical Outcomes and Epidemiology There is much evidence that weaning tends to be delayed, exposing the patient to unnecessary discomfort and increased risk of complications (5). Time spent in the weaning process represents 40 ¿Ã‚ ½50% of the total duration of mechanical ventilation (10) (11). ESTEBAN et al. (10) demonstrated that mortality increases with increasing duration of mechanical ventilation, in part because of complications of prolonged mechanical ventilation, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia and airway trauma (12). The incidence of unplanned extubation ranges 0.3 ¿Ã‚ ½16%. In most cases (83%), the unplanned extubation is initiated by the patient, while 17% are accidental. Almost half of patients with self-extubation during the weaning period do not require reintubation, suggesting that many patients are maintained on mechanical ventilation longer than is necessary (5). Increase in the extubation delay between readiness day and effective extubation significantly increases mortality. In the study by COPLIN et al. (13), mortality was 12% if there was no delay in extubation and 27% when extubation was delayed. Failure of extubation is associated with high mortality rate, either by selecting for high-risk patients or by inducing deleterious effects such as aspiration, atelectasis and pneumonia (5). Rate of weaning failure after a single SBT is reported to be 26 ¿Ã‚ ½ 42%. Variation in the rate of weaning failure among studies is due to differences in the definition of weaning failure. VALLVERDU et al. (14) reported that weaning failure occurred in as many as 61% of COPD patients, in 41% of neurological patients and in 38% of hypoxaemic patients. Contradictory results exist regarding the rate of weaning success among neurological patients. The study by COPLIN et al. (13) demonstrated that 80% of patients with a Glasgow coma score of more than 8 and 91% of patients with a Glasgow coma score less than 4 were successfully extubated. In 2,486 patients from six studies, 524 patients failed SBT and 252 failed extubation after passing SBT, leading to a total weaning failure rate of 31.2% (5). The vast majority of patients who fail a SBT do so because of an imbalance between respiratory muscle capacity and the load placed on the respiratory system. High airway resistance and low respiratory system compliance contribute to the increased work of breathing necessary to breathe and can lead to unsuccessful liberation from mechanical ventilation (15). Economic Impact Mechanical ventilation is mostly used in the intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals. ICUs typically consume more than 20% of the financial resources of a hospital (16). A study that analyzed the incidence, cost, and payment of the Medicare intensive care unit use in the United States (US) reveled that mechanical ventilation costs a sum close to US$2,200 per day (17). One study shows that patients in the ICUs receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation represents 6% of all ventilated patients but consume 37% of intensive care unit (ICU) resources (18). Another study corroborates this numbers also showing that 5% to 10% of ICU patients require prolonged mechanical ventilation, and this patient group consumes more than or as much as 50% of ICU patient days and ICU resources. Prolonged ventilatory support and chronic ventilator dependency, both in the ICU and non-ICU settings, have a significant and growing impact on healthcare economics (19). Summary TREATMENT OPTIONS WEANING FAILURE Overview The process of initial weaning from the ventilator begins with an assessment regarding readiness for weaning. It is then followed by SBT as a diagnostic test to determine the possibility of a successful extubation. For the majority of patients, the entire weaning process involves confirmation that the patient is ready for extubation. Patients who meet the criteria in table 2 should be considered as being ready to wean from mechanical ventilation. These criteria are fundamental to estimate the likelihood of a successful SBT in order to avoid trials in patients with a high probability of failure (5). Table 2 Criteria for Assessing Readiness to Wean Clinical Assessment Adequate cough Absence of excessive tracheobronchial secretion Resolution of disease acute phase for which the patient was intubated Objective measurements Clinical stability Stable cardiovascular status (i.e. fC =140 beats*min-1, systolic BP 90 ¿Ã‚ ½160 mmHg, no or minimal vasopressors) Stable metabolic status Adequate oxygenation Sa,O2 >90% on =FI,O2 0.4 (or Pa,O2/FI,O2 =150 mmHg) PEEP =8 cmH2O Adequate pulmonary function f =35 breaths*min-1 PImax =-20 ¿Ã‚ ½ -25 cmH2O Ve < 10 l*min-1 P0.1/PImax < 0.3 VT >5 mL*kg-1 VC >10 mL*kg-1 f/VT 13 ml*breaths-1*min-1 No significant respiratory acidosis Adequate mentation No sedation or adequate mentation on sedation (or stable neurologic patient) Taken from (5) and (15). fC: cardiac frequency; BP: blood pressure; Sa,O2: arterial oxygen saturation; FI,O2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; f: respiratory frequency; PImax: maximal inspiratory pressure; VT: tidal volume; VC: vital capacity; CROP: integrative index of compliance. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. According to an expert panel, among these criteria only seven variables have some predictive potential: minute ventilation (VE), maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f), the ratio of breathing frequency to tidal volume (f/VT), P0.1/PImax (ratio of airway occlusion pressure 0.1 s after the onset of inspiratory effort to maximal inspiratory pressure), and CROP (integrative index of compliance, rate, oxygenation, and pressure) (20) . Minute Ventilation Minute ventilation is the total lung ventilation per minute, the product of tidal volume and respiration rate (21). It is measure by assessing the amount of gas expired by the patients lungs. Mathematicly, minute ventilation can be calculated after this formula: V_E=V_T ¿Ã‚ ½f It is reported that a VE less than 10 litres/minute is associated with weaning success (22). Other studies found that VE values more than 15-20 litres/minute are helpful in identifying if a patient is unlikely to be liberated from mechanical ventilation but lower values were not helpful in predicting successful liberation (15). A more recent study concluded that short VE recovery times (3-4 minutes) after a 2-hour SBT can help in determining respiratory reserve and predict the success of extubation (23). When mechanical ventilation takes place, this parameter is calculated monitoring flow and pressure by the ventilator in use itself or by an independent device attached to the airway circulation system such as the Respironics NM3 ¿Ã‚ ½ by Phillips Medical. Other ways to determine minute ventilation are by measuring the impedance across the thoracic cavity (24). This method though, is invasive and requires implanted electrodes. Maximal Inspiratory Pressure Maximal inspiration pressure is the maximum pressure within the alveoli of the lungs that occurs during a full inspiration (21). Is it commonly used to test respiratory muscle strength. On patients in the ICU or those not capable to cooperate, the PImax is measured by occluding the end of the endotracheal tube for a period of time close to 22 seconds with a one-way valve that only allows the patient to exhale. This configuration leads to increasing inspiratory effort measuring PImax towards the end of the occlusion period. However PImax is not enough to predict reliably the likeliness of successful weaning due to low specifity (15). The measurement of PImax can be performed by devices equipped with pressure sensors. Tidal Volume Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal ventilation (21). Spontaneous tidal volumes greater than 5 ml/kg can predict weaning outcome (25). More recent studies found that a technique that measures the amount of regularity in a series analyzing approximate entropy of tidal volume and breathing frequency patterns is a useful indicator of reversibility of respiratory failure. A low approximate entropy that reflects regular tidal volume and respiratory frequency patterns is a good indicator of weaning success (26). Tidal volume can be measured using a pneumotachographic device. Breathing Frequency The degree of regularity in the pattern of the breathing frequency shown by approximate entropy rather than the absolute value of the breathing frequency is been proven to be useful in discriminating between weaning success and failure (26). The breathing rate or frequency is measured by counting the breathing cycles per a defined period of time. The Ratio of Breathing Frequency to Tidal Volume Yang and Tobin [18] then performed a prospective study of 100 medical patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU in which they demonstrated that the ratio of frequency to tidal volume (rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI)) obtained during the first 1 minute of a T-piece trial and at a threshold value of =105 breaths/minute/l was a significantly better predictor of weaning outcomes However, there remains a principle shortcoming in the RSBI: it can produce excessive false positive predictions (that is, patients fail weaning outcome even when RSBI is =105 breaths/minute/l) [35-36] Also, the RSBI has less predictive power in the care of patients who need ventilatory support for more than 8 days and may be less useful in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and elderly patients [37-39]. The Ratio of Airway Occlusion Pressure to Maximal Inspiratory Pressure The airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) is the pressure measured at the airway opening 0.1 s after inspiring against an occluded airway [42]. The P0.1 is effort independent and correlates well with central respiratory drive. When combined with PImax, the P0.1/PImax ratio at a value of 13 ml/breaths/minute offers a reasonably accurate predictor of weaning mechanical ventilation outcome. In 81 COPD patients, Alvisi and colleagues [39] showed that a CROP index at a threshold value of >16 ml/breaths/minute is a good predictor of weaning outcome. However, one disadvantage of the CROP index is that it is somewhat cumbersome to use in the clinical setting as it requires measurements of many variables with the potential risk of errors in the measurement techniques or the measuring device, which can significantly affect the value of the CROP index. Clinical Treatment Profiles CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The right to live, the right to die. Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Euthanasia, along with all other forms of medical involvement concerning the ending of human life has been a subject of great controversy for some time, dating back to the times of Socrates, and is a topic which has long attracted the attention of both medical and legal professionals, ethicists, and is often brought up in general public debate (Huxtable & Campbell, 2003) The term euthanasia derives from the Greek 'eu', which means 'good', and 'thanatos', meaning 'death' (Ladd, 1979). In a medical context, the Hippocratic Oath popularly believed to be undertook by all practising physicians suggests all medical practitioners will endeavour to ensure all patients' well being, it is all too easy to misinterpret the oaths' meaning in order to manipulate and justify actions that would otherwise be deemed unethical; specifically for the act of euthanasia. This essay will discuss the arguments both for and against euthanasia, with careful consideration given to all aspects related to the debate. Perhaps the most well known arguments in the euthanasia debate are that of the sanctity of life, of which holds palpable religious connotations which will be further discussed; the ending of suffering or 'low quality of life'; and the respect for patient autonomy (Huxtable & Campbell, 2003). In terms of extremities of the euthanasia debate spectrum, the Church of England (2000) have published a document greatly opposing euthanasia, whilst on the other hand, Otlowski (1997) has thoroughly researched and published an analysis of the law with the ultimate aim of ensuring euthanasia as a legal option. In terms of a religious perspective, and for purposes of extended clarity; Christian views, there is much contradiction to be found regarding euth... ...ts will invariably disagree with utilitarianists, and visa-versa, thus deeming all cases as requiring ethical investigation on an individual scale. Seemingly similar cases may have entirely different circumstances altogether, and may or may not have different outcomes. Although religion can play a major role in many cases of euthanasia, it is unlikely witnessing a relative suffering chronic untreatable pain will override any alleged desire to prolong life longer than required; however, certain circumstances often provide members of some religions with no other choice, for example, as in the case of Jehovah's Witnesses, where blood transfusion is not allowed. In conclusion to the available evidence, case studies and theoretical aspects of euthanasia, it can be argued that whilst people have the inherent right to live, they also have the right to die with dignity.